Concepts

Cassandra	SQL
Keyspace	Database
Column Family	Table
Row	Partition
Column	Cell

Data Types
text / varchar

Querying across partitions can be slow.

TTL

Cassandra Query Language (CQL)

Primary key determines the partition
Primary key can be composite, in which case, first part of the primary key determines the partition.

PRIMARY KEY

Fields	Key type
Id	Id = Partition Key
(Id, Name)	Id = Partition Key, Name = Clustering column
((Id, Name), Description)	Id + Name = Partition Key (Composite), Description = Clustering column

INSERT & UPDATE

Functionally equivalent.
Updates do not overwrite, deletes do not remove.

Lightweight transaction, using Paxos protocol:

Microsoft.Playwright.PlaywrightException: Error: The language "cql" has no grammar.
    at Object.highlight (http://127.0.0.1:41899/main.js:3978:11)
    at eval (eval at evaluate (:226:30), :2:18)
    at UtilityScript.evaluate (:233:19)
    at UtilityScript. (:1:44)
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Transport.Connection.InnerSendMessageToServerAsync[T](ChannelOwnerBase object, String method, Dictionary`2 dictionary, Boolean keepNulls) in /_/src/Playwright/Transport/Connection.cs:line 209
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Transport.Connection.WrapApiCallAsync[T](Func`1 action, Boolean isInternal) in /_/src/Playwright/Transport/Connection.cs:line 535
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Core.Frame.EvaluateAsync[T](String script, Object arg) in /_/src/Playwright/Core/Frame.cs:line 548
   at SiteGen.Extensions.Markdown.Prism.PrismHost.Highlight(String source, String language)
   at SiteGen.Extensions.Markdown.Prism.PrismCodeBlockRenderer.Write(HtmlRenderer renderer, PrismCodeBlock obj)

Filtering / Querying

Can query on partition key, clustering columns and indexed columns.

You can't filter by columns that aren't part of the keys, and they must be in order.

e.g. if your key is like so:

PRIMARY KEY (Id, Timestamp, IsDisabled)

Then querying just on “Id” and “IsDisabled” will give you the error:

PRIMARY KEY column "isdisabled" cannot be restricted (preceding column “timestamp” is not restricted)

You can query on:

Id Id / Timestamp Id / Timestamp / IsDisabled

Error:

“Cannot execute this query as it might involve data filtering and thus may have unpredictable performance. If you want to execute this query despite the performance unpredictability, use ALLOW FILTERING”

This happens when you query on a field but you're not filtering on the primary key; it may mean a scan across all nodes.

Ordering

Partition keys are not ordered. Clustering columns are ordered Can order query by clustering columns Default order on schema WITH CLUSTERING ORDER

Pagination

Default limit is 10k

Performance

Fast	Slow
Query over single partition	Query over multiple partitions
Range query over clustered columns	Secondary indexes?

Recipes

Count

nodetool --host <hostname> cfstats

Microsoft.Playwright.PlaywrightException: Error: The language "cql" has no grammar.
    at Object.highlight (http://127.0.0.1:41899/main.js:3978:11)
    at eval (eval at evaluate (:226:30), :2:18)
    at UtilityScript.evaluate (:233:19)
    at UtilityScript. (:1:44)
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Transport.Connection.InnerSendMessageToServerAsync[T](ChannelOwnerBase object, String method, Dictionary`2 dictionary, Boolean keepNulls) in /_/src/Playwright/Transport/Connection.cs:line 209
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Transport.Connection.WrapApiCallAsync[T](Func`1 action, Boolean isInternal) in /_/src/Playwright/Transport/Connection.cs:line 535
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Core.Frame.EvaluateAsync[T](String script, Object arg) in /_/src/Playwright/Core/Frame.cs:line 548
   at SiteGen.Extensions.Markdown.Prism.PrismHost.Highlight(String source, String language)
   at SiteGen.Extensions.Markdown.Prism.PrismCodeBlockRenderer.Write(HtmlRenderer renderer, PrismCodeBlock obj)

Troubleshooting

Enable tracing with TRACING ON

Example

Microsoft.Playwright.PlaywrightException: Error: The language "cql" has no grammar.
    at Object.highlight (http://127.0.0.1:41899/main.js:3978:11)
    at eval (eval at evaluate (:226:30), :2:18)
    at UtilityScript.evaluate (:233:19)
    at UtilityScript. (:1:44)
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Transport.Connection.InnerSendMessageToServerAsync[T](ChannelOwnerBase object, String method, Dictionary`2 dictionary, Boolean keepNulls) in /_/src/Playwright/Transport/Connection.cs:line 209
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Transport.Connection.WrapApiCallAsync[T](Func`1 action, Boolean isInternal) in /_/src/Playwright/Transport/Connection.cs:line 535
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Core.Frame.EvaluateAsync[T](String script, Object arg) in /_/src/Playwright/Core/Frame.cs:line 548
   at SiteGen.Extensions.Markdown.Prism.PrismHost.Highlight(String source, String language)
   at SiteGen.Extensions.Markdown.Prism.PrismCodeBlockRenderer.Write(HtmlRenderer renderer, PrismCodeBlock obj)

Another:

Microsoft.Playwright.PlaywrightException: Error: The language "cql" has no grammar.
    at Object.highlight (http://127.0.0.1:41899/main.js:3978:11)
    at eval (eval at evaluate (:226:30), :2:18)
    at UtilityScript.evaluate (:233:19)
    at UtilityScript. (:1:44)
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Transport.Connection.InnerSendMessageToServerAsync[T](ChannelOwnerBase object, String method, Dictionary`2 dictionary, Boolean keepNulls) in /_/src/Playwright/Transport/Connection.cs:line 209
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Transport.Connection.WrapApiCallAsync[T](Func`1 action, Boolean isInternal) in /_/src/Playwright/Transport/Connection.cs:line 535
   at Microsoft.Playwright.Core.Frame.EvaluateAsync[T](String script, Object arg) in /_/src/Playwright/Core/Frame.cs:line 548
   at SiteGen.Extensions.Markdown.Prism.PrismHost.Highlight(String source, String language)
   at SiteGen.Extensions.Markdown.Prism.PrismCodeBlockRenderer.Write(HtmlRenderer renderer, PrismCodeBlock obj)